http://www.lumipedia.org/index.php?title=August_Beer&feed=atom&action=history
August Beer - Revision history
2024-03-28T10:33:51Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.27.1
http://www.lumipedia.org/index.php?title=August_Beer&diff=347&oldid=prev
Admin at 10:52, 6 February 2017
2017-02-06T10:52:07Z
<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:52, 6 February 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3" >Line 3:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1852, Beer published a paper on the absorption of red light in coloured aqueous solutions of various salts. Beer makes use of the fact, derived from Bouguer’s and Lambert’s absorption laws, that the intensity of light transmitted through a solution at a given wavelength decreases exponentially with the path length d and the concentration c of the solute (the solvent is considered non-absorbing). Actually, the “Absorption Coëfficient” defined by Beer in his paper is the transmittance (or transmission ratio), T = I / I0. Thus, as pointed out by Beer, the transmittance of a concentrated solution can be derived from a measurement of the transmittance of a dilute solution (Beer, 1852).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1852, Beer published a paper on the absorption of red light in coloured aqueous solutions of various salts. Beer makes use of the fact, derived from Bouguer’s and Lambert’s absorption laws, that the intensity of light transmitted through a solution at a given wavelength decreases exponentially with the path length d and the concentration c of the solute (the solvent is considered non-absorbing). Actually, the “Absorption Coëfficient” defined by Beer in his paper is the transmittance (or transmission ratio), T = I / I0. Thus, as pointed out by Beer, the transmittance of a concentrated solution can be derived from a measurement of the transmittance of a dilute solution (Beer, 1852).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indeed, the transmittance measured for any concentration and path length can be normalized to the corresponding transmittance for a standard concentration and path length. Beer in a number of experiments confirms this, defining a standard concentration of 10%, and a standard path length of 10&nbsp;cm.  The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>photometer<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, devised by Beer, is shown in the gallery below.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indeed, the transmittance measured for any concentration and path length can be normalized to the corresponding transmittance for a standard concentration and path length. Beer in a number of experiments confirms this, defining a standard concentration of 10%, and a standard path length of 10&nbsp;cm.  The photometer, devised by Beer, is shown in the gallery below.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Beer continued to publishing the results of his scientific labors, writing in 1854 ''Einleitung in die höhere Optik'' (Introduction to the Higher Optical).  His findings, together with those of [[Johann Heinrich Lambert]], make up the [[Beer–Lambert law]]. In 1855 he was appointed professor of mathematics at the [[University of Bonn]]. Beer also wrote "Einheit in der Electrostatik," published two years after his death. He died in [[Bonn]] in 1863.<ref>Kölnische Zeitung, May 1, 1864; Poggendorff, Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, ii. 245, 246.</ref><ref>A. Beer, Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten. Annal. Phys. Chem. 86 (1852) 78–88.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Beer continued to publishing the results of his scientific labors, writing in 1854 ''Einleitung in die höhere Optik'' (Introduction to the Higher Optical).  His findings, together with those of [[Johann Heinrich Lambert]], make up the [[Beer–Lambert law]]. In 1855 he was appointed professor of mathematics at the [[University of Bonn]]. Beer also wrote "Einheit in der Electrostatik," published two years after his death. He died in [[Bonn]] in 1863.<ref>Kölnische Zeitung, May 1, 1864; Poggendorff, Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, ii. 245, 246.</ref><ref>A. Beer, Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten. Annal. Phys. Chem. 86 (1852) 78–88.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>
Admin
http://www.lumipedia.org/index.php?title=August_Beer&diff=346&oldid=prev
Admin at 10:50, 6 February 2017
2017-02-06T10:50:14Z
<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:50, 6 February 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''August Beer''' (31 July 1825 &ndash; 18 November 1863) was a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Germany|</del>German<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] [[</del>physicist<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>chemist<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>mathematician<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>. Beer was born in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Trier<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, where he studied <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>mathematics<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>natural <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">science]]s</del>.  Beer was educated at the technical school and gymnasium of his native town until 1845, when he went to Bonn to study mathematics and the sciences under the mathematician and physicist <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Julius Plücker<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, whose assistant he became later. In 1848 he won the prize for his essay, "De Situ Axium Opticorum in Crystallis Biaxibus," and obtained the degree of Ph.D. Two years later he was appointed lecturer at the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>University of Bonn<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''August Beer''' (31 July 1825 &ndash; 18 November 1863) was a German physicist, chemist, and mathematician. Beer was born in Trier, where he studied mathematics and natural <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sciences</ins>.  Beer was educated at the technical school and gymnasium of his native town until 1845, when he went to Bonn to study mathematics and the sciences under the mathematician and physicist Julius Plücker, whose assistant he became later. In 1848 he won the prize for his essay, "De Situ Axium Opticorum in Crystallis Biaxibus," and obtained the degree of Ph.D. Two years later he was appointed lecturer at the University of Bonn.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1852, Beer published a paper on the absorption of red light in coloured aqueous solutions of various salts. Beer makes use of the fact, derived from Bouguer’s and Lambert’s absorption laws, that the intensity of light transmitted through a solution at a given wavelength decreases exponentially with the path length d and the concentration c of the solute (the solvent is considered non-absorbing). Actually, the “Absorption Coëfficient” defined by Beer in his paper is the transmittance (or transmission ratio), T = I / I0. Thus, as pointed out by Beer, the transmittance of a concentrated solution can be derived from a measurement of the transmittance of a dilute solution (Beer, 1852).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1852, Beer published a paper on the absorption of red light in coloured aqueous solutions of various salts. Beer makes use of the fact, derived from Bouguer’s and Lambert’s absorption laws, that the intensity of light transmitted through a solution at a given wavelength decreases exponentially with the path length d and the concentration c of the solute (the solvent is considered non-absorbing). Actually, the “Absorption Coëfficient” defined by Beer in his paper is the transmittance (or transmission ratio), T = I / I0. Thus, as pointed out by Beer, the transmittance of a concentrated solution can be derived from a measurement of the transmittance of a dilute solution (Beer, 1852).</div></td></tr>
</table>
Admin
http://www.lumipedia.org/index.php?title=August_Beer&diff=345&oldid=prev
Admin at 10:45, 6 February 2017
2017-02-06T10:45:29Z
<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:45, 6 February 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''August Beer''' (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{IPA-de|beːɐ̯|lang}}; </del>31 July 1825 &ndash; 18 November 1863) was a [[Germany|German]] [[physicist]], [[chemist]], and [[mathematician]]. Beer was born in [[Trier]], where he studied [[mathematics]] and [[natural science]]s.  Beer was educated at the technical school and gymnasium of his native town until 1845, when he went to Bonn to study mathematics and the sciences under the mathematician and physicist [[Julius Plücker]], whose assistant he became later. In 1848 he won the prize for his essay, "De Situ Axium Opticorum in Crystallis Biaxibus," and obtained the degree of Ph.D. Two years later he was appointed lecturer at the [[University of Bonn]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''August Beer''' (31 July 1825 &ndash; 18 November 1863) was a [[Germany|German]] [[physicist]], [[chemist]], and [[mathematician]]. Beer was born in [[Trier]], where he studied [[mathematics]] and [[natural science]]s.  Beer was educated at the technical school and gymnasium of his native town until 1845, when he went to Bonn to study mathematics and the sciences under the mathematician and physicist [[Julius Plücker]], whose assistant he became later. In 1848 he won the prize for his essay, "De Situ Axium Opticorum in Crystallis Biaxibus," and obtained the degree of Ph.D. Two years later he was appointed lecturer at the [[University of Bonn]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1852, Beer published a paper on the absorption of red light in coloured aqueous solutions of various salts. Beer makes use of the fact, derived from Bouguer’s and Lambert’s absorption laws, that the intensity of light transmitted through a solution at a given wavelength decreases exponentially with the path length d and the concentration c of the solute (the solvent is considered non-absorbing). Actually, the “Absorption Coëfficient” defined by Beer in his paper is the transmittance (or transmission ratio), T = I / I0. Thus, as pointed out by Beer, the transmittance of a concentrated solution can be derived from a measurement of the transmittance of a dilute solution (Beer, 1852).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1852, Beer published a paper on the absorption of red light in coloured aqueous solutions of various salts. Beer makes use of the fact, derived from Bouguer’s and Lambert’s absorption laws, that the intensity of light transmitted through a solution at a given wavelength decreases exponentially with the path length d and the concentration c of the solute (the solvent is considered non-absorbing). Actually, the “Absorption Coëfficient” defined by Beer in his paper is the transmittance (or transmission ratio), T = I / I0. Thus, as pointed out by Beer, the transmittance of a concentrated solution can be derived from a measurement of the transmittance of a dilute solution (Beer, 1852).</div></td></tr>
</table>
Admin
http://www.lumipedia.org/index.php?title=August_Beer&diff=344&oldid=prev
Admin: Created page with "'''August Beer''' ({{IPA-de|beːɐ̯|lang}}; 31 July 1825 – 18 November 1863) was a German physicist, chemist, and mathematician. Beer was born i..."
2017-02-06T10:25:15Z
<p>Created page with "'''August Beer''' ({{IPA-de|beːɐ̯|lang}}; 31 July 1825 – 18 November 1863) was a <a href="http://www.lumipedia.org/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germany (page does not exist)">German</a> <a href="http://www.lumipedia.org/index.php?title=Physicist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physicist (page does not exist)">physicist</a>, <a href="http://www.lumipedia.org/index.php?title=Chemist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemist (page does not exist)">chemist</a>, and <a href="http://www.lumipedia.org/index.php?title=Mathematician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematician (page does not exist)">mathematician</a>. Beer was born i..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''August Beer''' ({{IPA-de|beːɐ̯|lang}}; 31 July 1825 &ndash; 18 November 1863) was a [[Germany|German]] [[physicist]], [[chemist]], and [[mathematician]]. Beer was born in [[Trier]], where he studied [[mathematics]] and [[natural science]]s. Beer was educated at the technical school and gymnasium of his native town until 1845, when he went to Bonn to study mathematics and the sciences under the mathematician and physicist [[Julius Plücker]], whose assistant he became later. In 1848 he won the prize for his essay, "De Situ Axium Opticorum in Crystallis Biaxibus," and obtained the degree of Ph.D. Two years later he was appointed lecturer at the [[University of Bonn]].<br />
<br />
In 1852, Beer published a paper on the absorption of red light in coloured aqueous solutions of various salts. Beer makes use of the fact, derived from Bouguer’s and Lambert’s absorption laws, that the intensity of light transmitted through a solution at a given wavelength decreases exponentially with the path length d and the concentration c of the solute (the solvent is considered non-absorbing). Actually, the “Absorption Coëfficient” defined by Beer in his paper is the transmittance (or transmission ratio), T = I / I0. Thus, as pointed out by Beer, the transmittance of a concentrated solution can be derived from a measurement of the transmittance of a dilute solution (Beer, 1852).<br />
<br />
Indeed, the transmittance measured for any concentration and path length can be normalized to the corresponding transmittance for a standard concentration and path length. Beer in a number of experiments confirms this, defining a standard concentration of 10%, and a standard path length of 10&nbsp;cm. The [[photometer]], devised by Beer, is shown in the gallery below.<br />
<br />
Beer continued to publishing the results of his scientific labors, writing in 1854 ''Einleitung in die höhere Optik'' (Introduction to the Higher Optical). His findings, together with those of [[Johann Heinrich Lambert]], make up the [[Beer–Lambert law]]. In 1855 he was appointed professor of mathematics at the [[University of Bonn]]. Beer also wrote "Einheit in der Electrostatik," published two years after his death. He died in [[Bonn]] in 1863.<ref>Kölnische Zeitung, May 1, 1864; Poggendorff, Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, ii. 245, 246.</ref><ref>A. Beer, Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten. Annal. Phys. Chem. 86 (1852) 78–88.</ref><br />
<br />
== Beer's law==<br />
Beer’s law, also called [[Lambert–Beer law]] or Beer–Lambert law, in spectroscopy, is the physical law stating that the quantity of light absorbed by a substance dissolved in a nonabsorbing solvent is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the path length of the light through the solution. Beer's law is commonly written in the form A = ε cl, where A is the absorbance, c is the concentration in moles per liter, l is the path length in centimeters, and ε is a constant of proportionality known as the molar extinction coefficient. The law is accurate only for dilute solutions; deviations from the law occur in concentrated solutions because of interactions between molecules of the solute, the substance dissolved in the solvent.<ref>The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2011, Columbia University Press.</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Photometer devised by Beer.jpg|Photometer devised by Beer<br />
File:Beer's Law Plot.jpg|Example plot displaying the Beer–Lambert Law<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Selected writings ==<br />
* {{cite book | author = Beer, August | title = Einleitung in die Elektrostatik, die Lehre vom Magnetismus und die Elektrodynamik | year = 1865 | publisher = Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn | location = Braunschweig | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh0AAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=physics+Beer+trier#PPR3,M2 }}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* In Greenfield, E. V. (1922). [https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VMAAAAMAAJ Technical and scientific German]. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131010075953/http://www.canberra.edu.au:80/irps/archives/vol21no1/blbalaw.html Canberra.edu.au]<br />
* {{cite web | author = Singer, Isidore |author2= Mels, Edgar | title = August Beer | url = http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=B&artid=505 | accessdate = 2008-10-04}}<br />
* {{MathGenealogy|id=137028}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beer, August}}<br />
[[Category:1825 births]]<br />
[[Category:1863 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:German physicists]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Rhine Province]]<br />
[[Category:People from Trier]]<br />
[[Category:German mathematicians]]</div>
Admin